Scott Joplin, Joseph Lamb, and Eubie Blake were major composers and performers of ragtime. The earliest form of jazz to exert a wide appeal, ragtime was basically a piano style emphasizing syncopation and polyrhythm. Important vocal blues stylists include Blind Lemon Jefferson, Leadbelly, Lightnin' Sam Hopkins, Robert Johnson, Gertrude ("Ma") Rainey, Bertha (Chippie) Hill, Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, Dinah Washington, and Muddy Waters. Handy greatly increased the popularity of the idiom. The tempo may vary, and the mood ranges from total despair to cynicism and satire.īasing his songs on traditional blues, W.
In vocal blues the lyrics are earthy and direct and are mostly concerned with basic human problems-love and sex, poverty, and death. A statement is made in the first four bars, repeated (sometimes with slight variation) in the next four, and answered or commented on in the last four. The “blue notes” are the flatted third and seventh. The heart of jazz, the blues is a musical form now standardized as 12 bars, based on the tonic, dominant, and subdominant chords.
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The blues, vocal and instrumental, was and is a vital component of jazz, which includes, roughly in order of appearance: ragtime New Orleans or Dixieland jazz swing bop, or bebop progressive, or cool, jazz neo-bop, or hard-bop third stream mainstream modern Latin-jazz jazz-rock and avant-garde or free jazz. Jazz is generally thought to have begun in New Orleans, spreading to Chicago, Kansas City, New York City, and the West Coast. Show tunes became common vehicles for performance, and, while the results were exquisite, rhythmic and harmonic developments were impeded until the mid-1940s. However, jazz gained a wide audience when white orchestras adapted or imitated it, and became legitimate entertainment in the late 1930s when Benny Goodman led racially mixed groups in concerts at Carnegie Hall. European audiences have often been more receptive to jazz, and thus many American jazz musicians have become expatriates.Īt the outset, jazz was slow to win acceptance by the general public, not only because of its cultural origin, but also because it tended to suggest loose morals and low social status. Because of its spontaneous, emotional, and improvisational character, and because it is basically of Black origin and association, jazz has to some extent not been accorded the degree of recognition it deserves. from black work songs, field shouts or hollers, and spirituals whose harmonic, rhythmic, and melodic elements were predominantly African. Jazz developed in the latter part of the 19th cent. Jazz, the most significant form of musical expression of African-American culture and arguably the most outstanding contribution the United States has made to the art of music.
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